Difference between revisions of "/sbin/"

Latest revision as of 11:49, 8 June 2020

Welcome to /sbin/.

System Administration Utilities

/bin/ Tools and applications	/sbin/ System Administration Utilities
/usr/bin/ Tools and applications	/usr/sbin/ System tools
/usr/local/bin/ Tools and applications	/usr/local/sbin/ System tools

Back to the System

Introduction[edit]

System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. With other words: What works on your system and what can you use to get information about your system. There are a lot of interesting commands. All connected to the Man Pages and to this wiki for more information.

Content[edit]

Utility	Description
adjkerntz	The adjkerntz utility maintains the proper relationship between the kernel clock, which is always set to UTC and the CMOS clock, which may be set to local time.
bectl	Utility to manage boot environments on ZFS
bsdlabel	read and write BSD label
camcontrol	CAM control program The camcontrol utility is designed to provide a way for users to access and control the FreeBSD CAM subsystem.
ccdconfig	The ccdconfig utility is used to dynamically configure and unconfigure concatenated disk devices, or ccds. For more information about the ccd, see ccd(4).
clri	The clri utility is obsoleted for normal file system repair work by fsck(8).
comcontrol	The comcontrol utility is used to examine and modify some of the special characteristics of the specified tty device.
conscontrol	The conscontrol utility is used to examine and modify the physical devices which back the virtual console devices. If no arguments (or only the list command) are specified, the current console settings are shown.
ddb	The ddb utility configures certain aspects of the ddb(4) kernel debugger from user space that are not configured at compile-time or easily via sysctl(8) MIB entries.
decryptcore	The decryptcore utility first decrypts keyfile using privatekeyfile and then uses the resulting key to decrypt encryptedcore saved by savecore(8). The result is saved in core.
devd	The devd daemon provides a way to have userland programs run when certain kernel events happen.
devfs	The devfs utility provides an interface to manipulate properties of devfs(5) mounts.
devmatch	The devmatch utility, without any arguments, prints all the kernel modules it has found for all the unattached, enabled devices in the system.
dhclient	The dhclient utility provides a means for configuring network interfaces using DHCP, BOOTP, or if these protocols fail, by statically assigning an address.
dhclient-script	The DHCP client network configuration script is invoked from time to time by dhclient(8). This script is used by the DHCP client to set each interface's initial configuration prior to requesting an address, to test the address once it has been offered, and to set the interface's final configuration once a lease has been acquired. If no lease is acquired, the script is used to test predefined leases, if any, and also called once if no valid lease can be identified.
dhcpcd	dhcpcd is an implementation of the DHCP client specified in RFC 2131. dhcpcd gets the host information (IP address, routes, etc) from a DHCP server and configures the network interface of the machine on which it is running.
disklabel	The bsdlabel utility installs, examines or modifies the BSD label on a disk partition, or on a file containing a partition image. In addition, bsdlabel can install bootstrap code.
dmesg	The dmesg utility displays the contents of the system message buffer. If the -M option is not specified, the buffer is read from the currently running kernel via the sysctl(3) interface. Otherwise, the buffer is read from the specified core file, using the name list from the specified kernel image (or from the default image).
dump	The dump utility examines files on a file system and determines which files need to be backed up. These files are copied to the given disk, tape or other storage medium for safe keeping (see the -f option below for doing remote backups). A dump that is larger than the output medium is broken into multiple volumes. On most media the size is determined by writing until an end-of-media indication is returned. This can be enforced by using the -a option.
dumpfs	The dumpfs utility prints out the UFS super block and cylinder group in formation for the file system or special device specified, unless the -f, -l or -m flag is specified. The listing is very long and detailed. This command is useful mostly for finding out certain file system information such as the file system block size and minimum free space percentage.
dumpon	The dumpon utility is used to configure where the kernel can save a crash dump in the case of a panic. System administrators should typically configure dumpon in a persistent fashion using the rc.conf(5) variables dumpdev and dumpon_flags. For more information on this usage, see rc.conf(5).
e2fsck	e2fsck is used to check the ext2/ext3/ext4 family of file systems. For ext3 and ext4 filesystems that use a journal, if the system has been shut down uncleanly without any errors, normally, after replaying the committed transactions in the journal, the file system should be marked as clean. Hence, for filesystems that use journalling, e2fsck will normally replay the journal and exit, unless its superblock indicates that further checking is required.
etherswitchcfg	The etherswitchcfg utility is used to configure an Ethernet switch built into the system.
fastboot	fastboot is a program used to manipulate (list, install, erase) the non-volatile memory such as flash filesystem partitions on devices that adhere to the fastboot protocol, via a USB connection from a host computer.
fasthalt	The halt and reboot utilities flush the file system cache to disk, send all running processes a SIGTERM (and subsequently a SIGKILL) and, respectively, halt or restart the system. The action is logged, including entering a shutdown record into the user accounting database.
fdisk	fdisk is a PC slice table maintenance utility
ffsinfo	ffsinfo dumps all meta information of an existing ufs file system.
fsck	The fsck utility invokes file system-specific programs to check the special devices listed in the fstab(5) file or in the command line for consistency.
fsck_4.2bsd	man; GitHub
fsck_ext2fs	fsck_ext2fs maps the traditional FreeBSD fsck_ffs options to options with the same functionality for e2fsck, runs e2fsck and then maps its exit status to values that FreeBSD understands. e2fsck is a utility to check and repair ext2 and ext3 file systems.
fsck_ffs	man; GitHub
fsck_msdosfs	The fsck_msdosfs utility verifies and repairs FAT file systems (more commonly known as DOS file systems). See also mount_msdosfs
fsck_ufs	man; GitHub
fsdb	The fsdb utility opens fsname (usually a raw disk partition) and runs a command loop allowing manipulation of the file system's inode data.
fsirand	The fsirand utility installs random generation numbers on all the inodes for each file system specified on the command line by special. This in creases the security of NFS-exported file systems by making it difficult to ``guess filehandles.
gbde	gbde is an operation and management utility for Geom Based Disk Encryption
gcache	The gcache utility is used to control GEOM cache, which can speed up read performance by sending fixed size read requests to its consumer. It has been developed to address the problem of a horrible read performance of a 64k blocksize FS residing on a RAID3 array with 8 data components, where a single disk component would only get 8k read requests, thus effectively killing disk performance under high load.
gconcat	The gconcat utility is used for device concatenation configuration. The concatenation can be configured using two different methods: ``manual or ``automatic. When using the ``manual method, no metadata are stored on the devices, so the concatenated device has to be configured by hand every time it is needed. The ``automatic method uses on-disk metadata to detect devices. Once devices are labeled, they will be automatically detected and configured.
geli	geli is a control utility for the cryptographic GEOM class
geom	The geom utility is used to control various GEOM classes.
ggatec	The ggatec utility is a network client for the GEOM Gate class. It is responsible for the creation of ggate devices and forwarding I/O requests between the GEOM Gate kernel subsystem and the ggated(8) network daemon.
ggated	The ggated utility is a network server for the GEOM Gate class. It runs on a server machine to service GEOM Gate requests from workers placed on a client machine. Keep in mind, that connections between ggatec(8) and ggated are not encrypted.
ggatel	The ggatel utility is a local GEOM Gate class consumer. It can be used as a replacement for md(4) memory disk devices or as a "GEOMificator" for non GEOMaware devices, but it was mainly created as an example on how to use and how to communicate with the GEOM Gate kernel subsystem.
gjournal	The gjournal utility is used for journal configuration on the given GEOM provider.
glabel	The glabel utility is used for GEOM provider labelization. A label can be set up on a GEOM provider in two ways: "manual" or "automatic". When using the "manual" method, no metadata are stored on the devices, so a label has to be configured by hand every time it is needed. The "automatic" method uses on-disk metadata to store the label and detect it automatically in the future.
gmirror	The gmirror utility is used for mirror (RAID1) configurations. After a mirror's creation, all components are detected and configured automatically. All operations like failure detection, stale component detection, rebuild of stale components, etc. are also done automatically.
gmountver	The gmountver utility is used to control the mount verification GEOM class. When configured, it passes all the I/O requests to the underlying provider. When the underlying provider disappears - for example because the disk device got disconnected - it queues all the I/O requests and waits for the provider to reappear. When that happens, it attaches to it and sends the queued requests.
gmultipath	The gmultipath utility is used for device multipath configuration.
gnop	The gnop utility is used for setting up transparent providers on existing ones. Its main purpose is testing other GEOM classes, as it allows forced provider removal and I/O error simulation with a given probability. It also gathers statistics on the number of read, write, delete, getattr, flush, and other requests, and the number of bytes read and written.
gpart	The gpart utility is used to partition GEOM providers, normally disks.
graid	The graid utility is used to manage software RAID configurations, sup ported by the GEOM RAID class.
graid3	The graid3 utility is used for RAID3 array configuration. After a device is created, all components are detected and configured automatically.
growfs	The growfs utility makes it possible to expand an UFS file system. Before running growfs the partition or slice containing the file system must be extended using gpart(8).
gsched	The gsched utility (also callable as geom sched ...) changes the scheduling policy of the requests going to a provider.
gshsec	The gshsec utility is used for setting up a device which contains a shared secret. The secret is shared between the given providers. To collect the secret, all providers are needed.
gstripe	The gstripe utility is used for setting up a stripe on two or more disks. The striped device can be configured using two different methods: "manual" or "automatic". When using the "manual" method, no metadata are stored on the devices, so the striped device has to be configured by hand every time it is needed. The "automatic" method uses on-disk metadata to detect devices. Once devices are labeled, they will be automatically detected and configured.
gvinum	The gvinum utility is a Logical Volume Manager control program.
gvirstor	The gvirstor utility is used for setting up a virtual storage device of arbitrary large size (for example, several TB), consisting of an arbitrary number of physical storage devices with the total size which is equal to or smaller than the virtual size.
halt	The halt and reboot utilities flush the file system cache to disk, send all running processes a SIGTERM (and subsequently a SIGKILL) and, respectively, halt or restart the system. The action is logged, including entering a shutdown record into the user accounting database
hastctl	The hastctl utility is used to control the behaviour of the hastd(8) daemon.
hastd	The hastd daemon is responsible for managing highly available GEOM providers. hastd allows the transpaent storage of data on two physically separated machines connected over a TCP/IP network. Only one machine (cluster node) can actively use storage provided by hastd. This machine is called primary. The hastd daemon operates on block level, which makes it transparent to file systems and applications.
ifconfig	The ifconfig utility is used to assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters. The ifconfig utility must be used at boot time to define the network address of each interface present on a machine; it may also be used at a later time to redefine an interface's address or other operating parameters.
init	The init utility is the last stage of the boot process.
ipf	ipf opens the filenames listed (treating "-" as stdin) and parses the file for a set of rules which are to be added or removed from the packet filter rule set.
ipfs	ipfs allows state information created for NAT entries and rules using keep state to be locked (modification prevented) and then saved to disk, allowing for the system to experience a reboot, followed by the restoration of that information, resulting in connections not being interrupted.
ipfstat	ipfstat examines /dev/kmem using the symbols _fr_flags, _frstats, _filterin, and _filterout. To run and work, it needs to be able to read both /dev/kmem and the kernel itself. The kernel name defaults to /boot/kernel/kernel.
ipfw	ipfw User interface for firewall, traffic shaper, packet scheduler, in-kernel NAT.
ipmon	ipmon opens /dev/ipl for reading and awaits data to be saved from the acket filter. The binary data read from the device is reprinted in human readable form, however, IP#'s are not mapped back to hostnames, nor are ports mapped back to service names. The output goes to standard output by default or a filename, if given on the command line. Should the -s option be used, output is instead sent to syslogd(8). Messages sent via syslog have the day, month and year removed from the message, but the time (including microseconds), as recorded in the log, is still included.
ipnat	ipnat opens the filename given (treating "-" as stdin) and parses the file for a set of rules which are to be added or removed from the IP NAT.
ippool	Ippool is used to manage information stored in the IP pools subsystem of IPFilter. Configuration file information may be parsed and loaded into the kernel, currently configured pools removed or changed as well as inspected.
iscontrol	This command, along with its kernel counterpart iscsi_initiator(4), is obsolete. Users are advised to use iscsictl(8) instead.
kldconfig	The kldconfig utility displays or modifies the search path used by the kernel when loading modules using the kldload(8) utility or the kldload(2) syscall.
kldload	The kldload utility loads file.ko into the kernel using the kernel linker. Note that if multiple modules are specified then an attempt will be made to load them all, even if some fail. The .ko extension name is not mandatory when loading a given module using kldload. It does not hurt to specify it though.
kldstat	The kldstat utility displays the status of any files dynamically linked into the kernel.
kldunload	The kldunload utility unloads a file which was previously loaded with kldload(8).
ldconfig	The ldconfig utility is used to prepare a set of "hints" for use by the dynamic linker to facilitate quick lookup of shared libraries available in multiple directories.
md5	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
mdconfig	The mdconfig utility creates and controls md(4) devices.
mdmfs	The mdmfs utility is designed to be a work-alike and look-alike of the deprecated mount_mfs(8). The end result is essentially the same, but is accomplished in a completely different way. Based on md-device, the mdmfs utility either creates a tmpfs(5) filesystem, or it configures an md(4) disk using mdconfig(8), puts a UFS file system on it (unless -P was specified) using newfs(8), and mounts it using mount(8). It can handle geom_uzip(4) compressed disk images, as long as the kernel supports this GEOM class. All the command line options are passed to the appropriate.
mknod	The mknod utility creates device special files.
mksnap_ffs	The mksnap_ffs utility creates a snapshot named snapshot_name.
mount	The mount utility calls the nmount(2) system call to prepare and graft a special device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system tree at the point node. If either special or node are not provided, the appropriate information is taken from the fstab(5) file. The system maintains a list of currently mounted file systems. If no arguments are given to mount, this list is printed.
mount_cd9660	The mount_cd9660 utility attaches the ISO-9660 file system residing on the device special to the global file system namespace at the location indicated by node. This command is normally executed by mount(8) at boot time.
mount_fusefs	Basic usage is to start a fuse daemon on the given special file. In practice, the daemon is assigned a special file automatically, which can then be indentified via [1]. That special file can then be mounted by mount_fusefs.
mount_mfs	The mdmfs utility configures an md(4) disk using mdconfig(8), puts a UFS file system on it (unless -P was specified) using newfs(8), and mounts it using mount(8). It can handle geom_uzip(4) compressed disk images, as long as the kernel supports this GEOM class. All the command line options are passed to the appropriate program at the appropriate stage in order to achieve the desired effect.
mount_msdosfs	mount_msdosfs can mount an MS-DOS file system
mount_nfs	The mount_nfs utility calls the nmount(2) system call to prepare and graft a remote NFS file system (rhost:path) on to the file system tree at the point node.
mount_nullfs	mount_nullfs mounts a loopback file system sub-tree; demonstrate the use of a null file system layer
mount_udf	The mount_udf utility attaches the UDF file system residing on the device special to the global file system namespace at the location indicated by node.
mount_unionfs	The mount_unionfs utility attaches directory above uniondir in such a way that the contents of both directory trees remain visible. By default, directory becomes the upper layer and uniondir becomes the lower layer.
natd	The natd utility provides a Network Address Translation facility for use with divert(4) sockets under FreeBSD.
newfs	The newfs utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
newfs_msdos	The newfs_msdos utility creates a FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system on device or file named special, using disktab(5) entry disktype to determine geometry, if required.
nextboot	The nextboot utility allows specifying some combination of an alternate kernel, boot flags and kernel environment for the next time the machine is booted. Once the loader(8) loads in the new kernel information, it is deleted so in case the new kernel hangs the machine, once it is rebooted, the machine will automatically revert to its previous configuration.
nfsiod	The nfsiod utility controls the maximum number of nfsiod kernel processes which run on an NFS client machine to service asynchronous I/O requests to its server. Having nfsiod kernel processes improves performance but is not required for correct operation.
nologin	The nologin utility displays a message that an account is not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled.
nos-tun	The nos-tun utility is used to establish an nos style tunnel, (also known as ka9q or IP-IP tunnel) using a tun(4) kernel interface.
nvmecontrol	NVM Express (NVMe) is a storage protocol standard, for SSDs and other high-speed storage devices over PCI Express.
openrc	The OpenRC is a dependency-based init system that works with the system-provided init program, normally /sbin/init. Currently, it does not have an init program of its own. A good documentation you will find on gentoo
openrc-run	openrc-run is basically an interpreter for shell scripts which provides an easy interface to the often complex system commands and daemons. When a service runs a command it first loads its multiplexed configuration file, then its master configuration file, then /etc/rc.conf and finally the script itself. At this point openrc-run then runs the command given.
pfctl	The pfctl utility communicates with the packet filter device using the ioctl interface described in pf(4). It allows ruleset and parameter configuration and retrieval of status information from the packet filter.
pflogd	pflogd is a background daemon which reads packets logged by pf(4) to a pflog(4) interface, normally pflog0, and writes the packets to a logfile (normally /var/log/pflog) in tcpdump(1) binary format. These logs can be reviewed later using the -r option of tcpdump(1), hopefully offline in case there are bugs in the packet parsing code of tcpdump(1).
ping	The ping utility uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway. ECHO_REQUEST datagrams ("pings") have an IP and ICMP header, followed by a "struct timeval" and then an arbitrary number of "pad" bytes used to fill out the packet.
ping6	The ping6 utility uses the ICMPv6 protocol's mandatory ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit an ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY from a host or gateway. ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST datagrams (``pings) have an IPv6 header, and ICMPv6 header formatted as documented in RFC2463.
poweroff	The shutdown utility provides an automated shutdown procedure for super users to nicely notify users when the system is shutting down, saving them from system administrators, hackers, and gurus, who would otherwise not bother with such niceties.
quotacheck	The quotacheck utility examines each file system, builds a table of cur rent disk usage, and compares this table against that recorded in the disk quota file for the file system.
rc	rc is a command interpreter and programming language similar to sh(1). It is based on the AT&T Plan 9 shell of the same name. The shell offers a C-like syntax (much more so than the C shell), and a powerful mechanism for manipulating variables. It is reasonably small and reasonably fast, especially when compared to contemporary shells. Its use is intended to be interactive, but the language lends itself well to scripts.
rc-service	OpenRC services.
rc-update	update OpenRC
rcorder	The rcorder utility is designed to print out a dependency ordering of a set of interdependent files. Typically it is used to find an execution sequence for a set of shell scripts in which certain files must be executed before others.
rdump	The dump utility examines files on a file system and determines which files need to be backed up. These files are copied to the given disk, tape or other storage medium for safe keeping (see the -f option below for doing remote backups).
reboot	The halt and reboot utilities flush the file system cache to disk, send all running processes a SIGTERM (and subsequently a SIGKILL) and, respectively, halt or restart the system. The action is logged, including entering a shutdown record into the user accounting database
recoverdisk	The recoverdisk utility reads data from the source file until all blocks could be successfully read. If destination was specified all data is being written to that file. It starts reading in multiples of the sector size. Whenever a block fails, it is put to the end of the working queue and will be read again, possibly with a smaller read size.
resolvconf	resolvconf manages resolv.conf(5) files from multiple sources, such as DHCP and VPN clients. Traditionally, the host runs just one client and that updates /etc/resolv.conf. More modern systems frequently have wired and wireless interfaces and there is no guarantee both are on the same network. With the advent of VPN and other types of networking daemons, many things now contend for the contents of /etc/resolv.conf.
restore	The restore utility performs the inverse function of dump(8). A full backup of a file system may be restored and subsequent incremental backups layered on top of it. Single files and directory subtrees may be re stored from full or partial backups. The restore utility works across a network; to do this see the -f and -P flags described below. Other argu ments to the command are file or directory names specifying the files that are to be restored. Unless the -h flag is specified (see below), the appearance of a directory name refers to the files and (recursively) subdirectories of that directory.
rmd160	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
route	The route utility is used to manually manipulate the network routing tables. It normally is not needed, as a system routing table management daemon, such as routed(8), should tend to this task.
routed	The routed utility is a daemon invoked at boot time to manage the network routing tables. It uses Routing Information Protocol, RIPv1 (RFC 1058), RIPv2 (RFC 1723), and Internet Router Discovery Protocol (RFC 1256) to maintain the kernel routing table. The RIPv1 protocol is based on the reference 4.3BSD daemon.
rrestore	The restore utility performs the inverse function of dump(8). A full backup of a file system may be restored and subsequent incremental back ups layered on top of it. Single files and directory subtrees may be re stored from full or partial backups. The restore utility works across a network; to do this see the -f and -P flags described below. Other argu ments to the command are file or directory names specifying the files that are to be restored. Unless the -h flag is specified (see below), the appearance of a directory name refers to the files and (recursively) subdirectories of that directory. restore may also be invoked as rrestore.
rtquery	The rtquery utility is used to query a RIP network routing daemon, such as routed(8), for its routing table by sending a request or poll command. The routing information in any routing response packets returned is dis played numerically and symbolically.
rtsol	rtsold is the daemon program to send ICMPv6 Router Solicitation messages on the specified interfaces. If a node (re)attaches to a link, rtsold sends some Router Solicitations on the link destined to the link-local scope all-routers multicast address to discover new routers and to get non link-local addresses.
runscript	runscript is a simple script interpreter that can be called from within the minicom communications program to automate tasks like logging in to a Unix system or your favorite BBS.
savecore	The savecore utility copies a core dump into directory, or the current working directory if no directory argument is given, and enters a reboot message and information about the core dump into the system log.
setkey	The setkey utility adds, updates, dumps, or flushes Security Association Database (SAD) entries as well as Security Policy Database (SPD) entries in the kernel.
sha1	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
sha224	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
sha256	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
sha384	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
sha512	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
sha512t256	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
shutdown	The shutdown utility provides an automated shutdown procedure for super users to nicely notify users when the system is shutting down, saving them from system administrators, hackers, and gurus, who would otherwise not bother with such niceties.
skein256	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
skein512	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
skein1024	The md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256, rmd160, skein256, skein512 and skein1024 utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally in feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest.
spppcontrol	The sppp(4) driver might require a number of additional arguments or optional parameters besides the settings that can be adjusted with ifconfig(8). These are things like authentication protocol parameters, but also other tunable configuration variables. The spppcontrol utility can be used to display the current settings, or adjust these parameters as required.
start-stop-daemon	start-stop-daemon is used to control the creation and termination of system-level processes. Using one of the matching options, start-stop-daemon can be configured to find existing instances of a running process.
supervise-daemon
swapctl	The swapon, swapoff and swapctl utilities are used to control swap devices in the system. At boot time all swap entries in /etc/fstab are added automatically when the system goes multi-user. Swap devices use a fixed interleave; the maximum number of devices is unlimited. There is no priority mechanism.
swapoff	The swapon, swapoff and swapctl utilities are used to control swap devices in the system. At boot time all swap entries in /etc/fstab are added automatically when the system goes multi-user. Swap devices use a fixed interleave; the maximum number of devices is unlimited. There is no priority mechanism.
swapon	The swapon, swapoff and swapctl utilities are used to control swap devices in the system. At boot time all swap entries in /etc/fstab are added automatically when the system goes multi-user. Swap devices use a fixed interleave; the maximum number of devices is unlimited. There is no priority mechanism.
sysctl	The sysctl utility retrieves kernel state and allows processes with appropriate privilege to set kernel state. The state to be retrieved or set is described using a "Management Information Base" ("MIB") style name, described as a dotted set of components. Example:`sysctl kern.osreldate` gives you the last kernel modification and the same result as `uname -U`. It is related to the FreeBSD release as a numerical output. See kern.osreldate
tunefs	The tunefs utility is designed to change the dynamic parameters of a UFS file system which affect the layout policies. The tunefs utility cannot be run on an active file system. To change an active file system, it must be downgraded to read-only or unmounted.
umount	The umount utility calls the unmount(2) system call to remove a file sys tem from the file system tree. The file system can be specified by its special device or remote node (rhost:path), the path to the mount point node or by the file system ID fsid as reported by "mount -v" when run by root.
zfs	The zfs command configures ZFS datasets within a ZFS storage pool, as de scribed in zpool(8). A dataset is identified by a unique path within the ZFS namespace.
zfsbootcfg	zfsbootcfg is used to set boot.config(5)-style options to be used by zfsboot(8) or gptzfsboot(8) the next time the machine is booted.
zpool	The zpool command configures ZFS storage pools. A storage pool is a col lection of devices that provides physical storage and data replication for ZFS datasets.
Back to Directory Structure

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Welcome}}
-{{maintenance}}
+{{Navbar System Administation Utilities}}
 ==Introduction==
-System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. With other words: What works on your system.
+System programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments. With other words: What works on your system and what can you use to get information about your system. There are a lot of interesting commands. All connected to the Man Pages and to this wiki for more information.
 ==Content==
@@ Line 10: / Line 11: @@
 {|class="wikitable" style="width:96.5%;background:#FFFFFF; border:2px solid #008000;text-align:left;padding: 10px"
 |-
-! scope="col" style="width: 100px;"|'''Directory'''
+! scope="col" style="width: 100px;"|'''Utility'''
 ! scope="col" style="width: 350px;"|'''Description'''
 |-
-|/sbin/adjkerntz||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=adjkerntz&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html adjkerntz] utility maintains the proper	relationship between the kernel clock,	which is always	set to UTC and the CMOS	clock, which may be set to local time.
+|adjkerntz||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=adjkerntz&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html adjkerntz] utility maintains the proper	relationship between the kernel clock,	which is always	set to UTC and the CMOS	clock, which may be set to local time.
 |-
-|/sbin/bectl||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bectl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html Utility to manage	boot environments on ZFS]
+|bectl||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bectl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html Utility to manage	boot environments on ZFS]
 |-
-|/sbin/bsdlabel||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdlabel&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html read and write	BSD label]
+|bsdlabel||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=bsdlabel&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html read and write	BSD label]
 |-
-|/sbin/camcontrol||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=camcontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html CAM control program] The camcontrol utility is designed	to provide a way for users to access      and control the FreeBSD CAM subsystem.
+|camcontrol||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=camcontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html CAM control program] The camcontrol utility is designed	to provide a way for users to access      and control the FreeBSD CAM subsystem.
 |-
-|/sbin/ccdconfig||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ccdconfig&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ccdconfig] utility is used to dynamically configure and	unconfigure concatenated disk devices,	or ccds.  For more information about the ccd,      see [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ccd&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports ccd(4)].
+|ccdconfig||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ccdconfig&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ccdconfig] utility is used to dynamically configure and	unconfigure concatenated disk devices,	or ccds.  For more information about the ccd,      see [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ccd&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports ccd(4)].
 |-
-|/sbin/clri||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=clri&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html clri] utility is obsoleted for normal file system repair work by [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports   fsck(8)].
+|clri||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=clri&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html clri] utility is obsoleted for normal file system repair work by [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports   fsck(8)].
 |-
-|/sbin/comcontrol||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=comcontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html comcontrol] utility is used to examine and modify some of the special   characteristics of	the specified tty device.
+|comcontrol||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=comcontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html comcontrol] utility is used to examine and modify some of the special   characteristics of	the specified tty device.
 |-
-|/sbin/conscontrol||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=conscontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html conscontrol] utility is	used to	examine	and modify the physical	devices which back the virtual console devices.  If no arguments (or	only      the list command) are specified, the current console settings are shown.
+|conscontrol||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=conscontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html conscontrol] utility is	used to	examine	and modify the physical	devices which back the virtual console devices.  If no arguments (or	only      the list command) are specified, the current console settings are shown.
 |-
-|/sbin/ddb||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ddb&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ddb] utility configures	certain	aspects	of the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ddb&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports ddb(4)] kernel debugger from user space that are not configured at	compile-time or	easily via [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sysctl(8)] MIB entries.
+|ddb||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ddb&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ddb] utility configures	certain	aspects	of the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ddb&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports ddb(4)] kernel debugger from user space that are not configured at	compile-time or	easily via [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sysctl(8)] MIB entries.
 |-
-|/sbin/decryptcore||
+|decryptcore|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=decryptcore&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html decryptcore] utility first decrypts keyfile using privatekeyfile and then uses the resulting key to decrypt encryptedcore saved by   [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=savecore&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports savecore(8).]  The result is saved in core.
 |-
-|/sbin/devd||
+|devd||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html devd] daemon provides a	way to have userland programs run when certain kernel events happen.
 |-
-|/sbin/devfs||
+|devfs||The devfs utility provides	an interface to	manipulate properties of
+[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devfs&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports devfs(5)] mounts.
 |-
-|/sbin/devmatch||
+|devmatch||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=devmatch&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html devmatch] utility, without any arguments, prints all the kernel	modules it has found for all the unattached, enabled devices in the system.
 |-
-|/sbin/dhclient||
+|dhclient||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dhclient&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dhclient] utility provides a means for configuring network interfaces using DHCP, BOOTP,	or if these protocols fail, by statically assigning an    address.
 |-
-|/sbin/dhclient-script||
+|dhclient-script||The DHCP client network configuration script is invoked from time to time    by	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dhclient&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dhclient(8)].  This script is used by the DHCP client to	set each interface's initial configuration prior to requesting an address, to	test   the address once it has been offered, and to set the interface's final   configuration once	a lease	has been acquired.  If no lease	is acquired,     the script	is used	to test	predefined leases, if any, and also called   once if no	valid lease can	be identified.
 |-
-|/sbin/dhcpcd||
+|dhcpcd||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dhcpcd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dhcpcd] is an implementation of the	DHCP client specified in RFC 2131. dhcpcd gets the host information (IP address, routes, etc)	from a DHCP      server and	configures the network interface of the	machine	on which it is      running.
 |-
-|/sbin/disklabel||
+|disklabel||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=disklabel&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html bsdlabel] utility installs, examines or	modifies the BSD label on a disk partition, or	on a file containing a partition image.	 In addition, bsdlabel can install bootstrap code.
 |-
-|/sbin/dmesg||
+|[[dmesg]]||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dmesg&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dmesg] utility displays	the contents of	the system message buffer.  If the -M option is not specified, the buffer	is read	from the currently      running kernel via	the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=3&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sysctl(3)] interface.  Otherwise, the buffer	is      read from the specified core file,	using the name list from the specified      kernel image (or from the default image).
 |-
-|/sbin/dump||
+|dump||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dump&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dump] utility examines files on	a file system and determines which      files need	to be backed up.  These	files are copied to the	given disk, tape or other storage medium for safe keeping (see the -f option below    for doing remote backups).	 A dump	that is	larger than the	output medium   is	broken into multiple volumes.  On most media the size is determined by     writing until an end-of-media indication is returned.  This can be	enforced by using the -a option.
 |-
-|/sbin/dumpfs||
+|dumpfs||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dumpfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dumpfs] utility	prints out the UFS super block and cylinder group in     formation for the file system or special device specified,	unless the -f,      -l	or -m flag is specified.  The listing is very long and detailed.  This      command is	useful mostly for finding out certain file system information
+such as the file system block size	and minimum free space percentage.
 |-
-|/sbin/dumpon||
+|dumpon||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dumpon&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dumpon] utility	is used	to configure where the kernel can save a crash dump in the case of a panic.
+System administrators should typically configure dumpon in	a persistent fashion using the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports rc.conf(5)] variables dumpdev and	dumpon_flags.  For  more information on this usage, see rc.conf(5).
 |-
-|/sbin/e2fsck||
+|e2fsck||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=e2fsck&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html e2fsck] is used to check the ext2/ext3/ext4 family of file systems.  For      ext3 and	ext4 filesystems that use a journal, if	the  system  has  been        shut  down  uncleanly without any errors, normally, after replaying the        committed transactions  in the  journal,	 the  file  system  should  be        marked  as clean.   Hence, for filesystems that use journalling,	e2fsck   will normally replay the	journal	and exit, unless its superblock	 indicates that further checking is required.
 |-
-|/sbin/etherswitchcfg||
+|etherswitchcfg||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=etherswitchcfg&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html etherswitchcfg]	utility	is used	to configure an	Ethernet switch	built     into the system.
 |-
-|/sbin/fastboot||
+|fastboot||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fastboot&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html fastboot] is  a	program	 used to manipulate (list, install, erase) the        non-volatile memory such	as flash filesystem partitions on devices that        adhere  to the fastboot protocol, via a USB connection from a host computer.
 |-
-|/sbin/fasthalt||
+|fasthalt||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fasthalt&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html halt and reboot] utilities flush the file system cache to disk,	send      all running processes a SIGTERM (and subsequently a SIGKILL) and, respectively, halt or restart the system.  The action is	logged,	including entering a shutdown record into the user accounting database.
 |-
-|/sbin/fdisk||
+|fdisk||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fdisk&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html fdisk] is a PC slice table maintenance utility
 |-
-|/sbin/ffsinfo||
+|ffsinfo||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ffsinfo&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ffsinfo] dumps all meta information of an	existing ufs file system.
 |-
-|/sbin/fsck||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports]] The fsck utility invokes file system-specific programs to check the special devices listed in the	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fstab&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports fstab(5)] file or in the	command	line for consistency.
+|fsck||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports The fsck] utility invokes file system-specific programs to check the special devices listed in the	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fstab&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports fstab(5)] file or in the	command	line for consistency.
 |-
-|/sbin/fsck_4.2bsd||
+|fsck_4.2bsd||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_4.2bsd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html man]; [https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/master/sbin/fsck_ffs/Makefile GitHub]
 |-
-|/sbin/fsck_ext2fs||
+|fsck_ext2fs||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_ext2fs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html fsck_ext2fs]  maps  the  traditional FreeBSD fsck_ffs options to options  with the	same functionality for e2fsck, runs e2fsck and then  maps  its        exit status to values that FreeBSD understands. e2fsck is a utility to check and repair	ext2 and ext3 file systems.
 |-
-|/sbin/fsck_ffs||
+|fsck_ffs||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_4.2bsd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html man]; [https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/master/sbin/fsck_ffs/Makefile GitHub]
 |-
-|/sbin/fsck_msdosfs||
+|fsck_msdosfs|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_msdosfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html fsck_msdosfs] utility verifies and repairs FAT file systems (more commonly known as DOS	file systems). See also [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mount_msdosfs&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports mount_msdosfs]
 |-
-|/sbin/fsck_ufs||
+|fsck_ufs||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsck_4.2bsd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html man]; [https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd/blob/master/sbin/fsck_ffs/Makefile GitHub]
 |-
-|/sbin/fsdb||
+|fsdb||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsdb&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html fsdb] utility opens fsname (usually a raw disk partition) and runs a command loop allowing manipulation	of the file system's inode data.
 |-
-|/sbin/fsirand||
+|fsirand||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=fsirand&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html fsirand] utility installs random generation numbers on all the inodes      for each file system specified on the command line	by special.  This in     creases the security of NFS-exported file systems by making it difficult
+to	``guess'' filehandles.
 |-
-|/sbin/gbde||
+|gbde||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gbde&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gbde] is an operation and management utility for [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=geom&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html Geom] Based Disk Encryption
 |-
-|/sbin/gcache||
+|gcache||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/gcache/ gcache] utility is used to control [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=geom&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html GEOM] cache, which can speed up read performance by sending fixed size read requests to its consumer. It has been developed to address the problem of a horrible read performance of a 64k blocksize FS residing on a RAID3 array with 8 data components, where a single disk component would only get 8k read requests, thus effectively killing disk performance under high load.
 |-
-|/sbin/gconcat||
+|gconcat|| The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/gconcat/ gconcat] utility is used for device concatenation configuration.  The concatenation can be configured using two different methods: ``manual'' or ``automatic''.  When using the ``manual'' method, no metadata are stored on the devices, so the concatenated device has to be configured by hand every time it is needed.  The ``automatic'' method uses on-disk metadata to detect devices.  Once devices are labeled, they will be automatically detected and configured.
 |-
-|/sbin/geli||
+|geli||[https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/geli/ geli] is a control utility for the cryptographic GEOM class
 |-
-|/sbin/geom||
+|geom||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/geom/ geom] utility is used to control various GEOM classes.
 |-
-|/sbin/ggatec||
+|ggatec||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ggatec&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ggatec] utility	is a network client for	the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEOM GEOM] Gate class.  It is responsible for the creation of ggate devices and forwarding I/O requests      between the GEOM Gate kernel subsystem and	the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ggated&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports ggated(8)] network daemon.
 |-
-|
+|ggated||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ggated&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports The ggated] utility	is a network server for	the GEOM Gate class.  It runs  on	a server machine to service [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEOM GEOM] Gate requests from workers placed on      a client machine.	Keep in	mind, that connections between [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ggatec&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ggatec(8)] and      ggated are	not encrypted.
-/sbin/ggated||
 |-
-|/sbin/ggatel||
+|ggatel||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ggatel&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ggatel] utility	is a local [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEOM GEOM] Gate class consumer.  It can be	used      as	a replacement for [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports md(4) memory disk] devices	or as a	"GEOMificator" for non GEOMaware devices, but	it was mainly created as an example on how to use and how to communicate	with the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=geom&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html GEOM] Gate kernel subsystem.
 |-
-|/sbin/gjournal||
+|gjournal||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gjournal&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gjournal] utility is used for journal configuration on the given GEOM      provider.
 |-
-|/sbin/glabel||
+|glabel||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=glabel&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html glabel] utility	is used	for GEOM provider labelization.	 A label can      be	set up on a GEOM provider in two ways: "manual"	or "automatic".	 When using the "manual"	method,	no metadata are	stored on the devices, so a
+label has to be configured	by hand	every time it is needed.  The   "automatic" method	uses on-disk metadata to store the label and detect it    automatically in the future.
 |-
-|/sbin/gmirror||
+|gmirror||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gmirror&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gmirror] utility is used for mirror (RAID1) configurations.  After a      mirror's creation,	all components are detected and	configured automatically.  All operations like failure detection, stale component detection,      rebuild of	stale components, etc. are also	done automatically.
 |-
-|/sbin/gmountver||
+|gmountver||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gmountver&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gmountver] utility is used to control the mount	verification GEOM      class.  When configured, it passes	all the	I/O requests to	the underlying      provider.	When the underlying provider disappears	- for example because  the disk device got disconnected -	it queues all the I/O requests and     waits for the provider to reappear.  When that happens, it	attaches to it      and sends the queued requests.
 |-
-|/sbin/gmultipath||
+|gmultipath||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gmultipath&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gmultipath] utility is used for	device multipath configuration.
 |-
-|/sbin/gnop||
+|gnop||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gnop&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gnop] utility is used for setting up transparent providers on existing ones.  Its	main purpose is	testing	other GEOM classes, as it allows      forced provider removal and I/O error simulation with a given probability.  It also gathers statistics on the number of read, write, delete, getattr, flush, and other requests, and the number	of bytes read and      written.
 |-
-|/sbin/gpart||
+|gpart||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports gpart] utility is used to partition GEOM providers, normally disks.
 |-
-|/sbin/graid||
+|graid||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=graid&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html graid] utility is used to manage software RAID configurations, sup     ported by the GEOM	RAID class.
 |-
-|/sbin/graid3||
+|graid3|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=graid3&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html graid3	] utility	is used	for RAID3 array	configuration.	After a	device      is	created, all components	are detected and configured automatically.
 |-
-|/sbin/growfs||
+|growfs||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=growfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html growfs]	utility	makes it possible to expand an UFS file	system.	 Before running growfs the partition or slice	containing the file system must be extended using [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gpart&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports gpart(8)].
 |-
-|/sbin/gsched||
+|gsched||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gsched&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gsched]	utility	(also callable as geom sched ...) changes the scheduling policy	of the requests	going to a provider.
 |-
-|/sbin/gshsec||
+|gshsec||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gshsec&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gshsec] utility	is used	for setting up a device	which contains a      shared secret.  The secret	is shared between the given providers.	To  collect the secret, all providers are needed.
 |-
-|/sbin/gstripe||
+|gstripe||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gstripe&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gstripe] utility is used for setting up	a stripe on two	or more	disks.      The striped device	can be configured using	two different methods:      "manual" or "automatic".  When using the "manual" method, no metadata are     stored on the devices, so the striped device has to be configured by hand      every time	it is needed.  The "automatic" method uses on-disk metadata to      detect devices.  Once devices are labeled,	they will be automatically detected and	configured.
 |-
-|/sbin/gvinum||
+|gvinum||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gvinum&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gvinum] utility is a Logical Volume Manager control program.
 |-
-|/sbin/gvirstor||
+|gvirstor||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gvirstor&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html gvirstor] utility is used for setting up a virtual storage device of      arbitrary large size (for example,	several	TB), consisting	of an arbitrary number of physical storage devices with the total size which	is    equal to or smaller than the virtual size.
 |-
-|/sbin/halt||
+|halt||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=halt&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html halt and reboot] utilities flush the file system cache to disk,	send      all running processes a SIGTERM (and subsequently a SIGKILL) and, respectively, halt or restart the system.  The action is	logged,	including entering a shutdown record into the user accounting database
 |-
-|/sbin/hastctl||
+|hastctl|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastctl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html hastctl] utility is used to control the	behaviour of the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports hastd(8)] daemon.
 |-
-|/sbin/hastd||
+|hastd||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=hastd&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports hastd] daemon is responsible for managing highly available GEOM providers. hastd allows the transpaent storage of data on two physically separated machines connected over a TCP/IP network.	Only one machine (cluster node) can actively	use storage provided by	hastd.	This machine is	called primary.  The hastd daemon	operates on block level, which makes it	transparent to file systems and	applications.
 |-
-|/sbin/ifconfig||
+|ifconfig|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ifconfig] utility is used to assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface	parameters.  The ifconfig utility must      be	used at	boot time to define the	network	address	of each	interface      present on	a machine; it may also be used at a later time to redefine an      interface's address or other operating parameters.
 |-
-|/sbin/init||
+|init||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=init&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html init] utility is the last stage	of the boot process.
 |-
-|/sbin/ipf||
+|ipf||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipf&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ipf] opens the filenames listed (treating	"-" as stdin) and  parses  the file  for  a  set  of  rules  which are to be added or removed from the packet filter rule set.
 |-
-|/sbin/ipfs||
+|ipfs||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ipfs]  allows  state information created for NAT entries and rules using      keep state to be	locked (modification  prevented)  and  then  saved  to     disk,  allowing	for the	system to experience a reboot, followed	by the       restoration of that information,	resulting in connections not being interrupted.
 |-
-|/sbin/ipfstat||
+|ipfstat||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfstat&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ipfstat] examines	/dev/kmem using	the symbols _fr_flags, _frstats, _filterin,  and  _filterout.	  To run and work, it needs to be able to read both /dev/kmem and the kernel itself.   The  kernel  name  defaults  to
+/boot/kernel/kernel.
 |-
-|/sbin/ipfw||
+|ipfw||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipfw&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ipfw]  User interface for	firewall, traffic shaper, packet scheduler, in-kernel NAT.
 |-
-|/sbin/ipmon||
+|ipmon||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipmon&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html  ipmon]  opens  /dev/ipl for reading and awaits data to be	saved from the acket filter.  The binary data read from the device  is	 reprinted  in     human  readable	form, however, IP#'s are not mapped back to hostnames,       nor are ports mapped back to service names.  The	output goes  to	 standard  output  by	 default  or a filename, if given on the command line.
+Should the -s option be used, output is	instead	 sent  to  [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=syslogd&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports syslogd(8)]. Messages	 sent via syslog have the day, month and year removed from the message,	but the	time (including	microseconds), as recorded in the log, is still	included.
 |-
-|/sbin/ipnat||
+|ipnat||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ipnat&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ipnat]  opens  the filename given	(treating "-" as stdin)	and parses the file for	a set of rules which are to be added or	removed	 from  the  IP NAT.
 |-
-|/sbin/ippool||
+|ippool||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ippool&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html Ippool] is used to manage	information stored in the IP  pools  subsystem        of  IPFilter.   Configuration file information may be parsed and	loaded     into the	kernel,	currently configured pools removed or changed as  well        as inspected.
 |-
-|/sbin/iscontrol||
+|iscontrol||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=iscontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html This command], along with its kernel counterpart iscsi_initiator(4), is  obsolete.	Users are advised to use [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=iscsictl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html iscsictl(8)] instead.
 |-
-|/sbin/kldconfig||
+|kldconfig||The kldconfig utility displays or modifies	the search path	used by	the kernel when loading modules using the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kldload&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports kldload(8)] utility or the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kldload&sektion=2&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports kldload(2)] syscall.
 |-
-|/sbin/kldload||
+|[[Kernel Competence#Modules|kldload]]||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kldload&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports kldload] utility loads file.ko into the	kernel using the kernel  linker.  Note that	if multiple modules are	specified then an attempt will be	made to	load them all, even if some fail.  The .ko extension name is not mandatory when	loading	a given	module using kldload.  It does not hurt to specify it	though.
 |-
-|
+|[[kldstat]]||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kldstat&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html kldstat] utility displays the status of	any files dynamically linked into the kernel.
-/sbin/kldstat||
 |-
-|/sbin/kldunload||
+|[[Kernel Competence#Modules|kldunload]]||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kldunload&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html kldunload] utility unloads a file which	was previously loaded with [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kldload&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports kldload(8)].
 |-
-|/sbin/ldconfig||
+|ldconfig||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ldconfig&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ldconfig] utility is used to prepare a set of "hints" for use by the  dynamic linker to facilitate quick	lookup of shared libraries available     in	multiple directories.
 |-
-|/sbin/md5||
+|md5||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/mdconfig||
+|mdconfig||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mdconfig&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html mdconfig] utility creates and controls [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports md(4)] devices.
 |-
-|/sbin/mdmfs||
+|mdmfs|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mdmfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html mdmfs] utility is designed to be a work-alike and look-alike of	the deprecated	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mount_mfs&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports mount_mfs(8)].  The end result is essentially the same, but is accomplished in a completely different way.  Based	on md-device, the
+mdmfs utility either creates a [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tmpfs&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports tmpfs(5)] filesystem, or it configures an [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports md(4)] disk	using [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mdconfig&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports mdconfig(8)], puts	a UFS file system on it	(unless	-P was   specified)	using [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports newfs(8)],	and mounts it using mount(8).  It can handle [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=geom_uzip&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports geom_uzip(4)] compressed disk images, as long as the kernel	supports this      GEOM class.  All the command line options are passed to the appropriate.
 |-
-|/sbin/mknod||
+|mknod||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mknod&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html mknod] utility creates device special files.
 |-
-|/sbin/mksnap_ffs||
+|mksnap_ffs||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mksnap_ffs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html mksnap_ffs] utility creates a snapshot named snapshot_name.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount||
+|mount||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount/ mount] utility calls the [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/2/nmount/ nmount(2)] system call to prepare and graft a special device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system tree at the point node.  If either special or node are not provided, the appropriate information is taken from the [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/5/fstab/ fstab(5)] file.
+The system maintains a list of currently mounted file systems.  If no arguments are given to mount, this list is printed.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_cd9660||
+|mount_cd9660||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_cd9660/ mount_cd9660] utility attaches the ISO-9660 file system residing on the device special to the global file system namespace at the location indicated by node.  This command is normally executed by [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount/ mount(8)] at boot time.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_fusefs||
+|mount_fusefs||[https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_fusefs/ Basic usage] is to start a fuse daemon on the given special file.  In practice, the daemon is assigned a special file automatically, which can then be indentified via [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/1/fstat/fstat(1)].	That special file can then be mounted by mount_fusefs.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_mfs||
+|mount_mfs||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_mfs/ mdmfs] utility configures an [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/4/md/ md(4)] disk using [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mdconfig/ mdconfig(8)], puts a UFS file system on it (unless -P was specified) using [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/newfs/ newfs(8)], and mounts it using [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount/ mount(8)].  It can handle [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/4/geom_uzip/ geom_uzip(4)] compressed disk images, as long as the kernel supports this GEOM class.  All the command line options are passed to the appropriate program at the appropriate stage in order to  achieve the desired effect.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_msdosfs||
+|mount_msdosfs||[https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_msdosfs/ mount_msdosfs] can mount an MS-DOS file system
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_nfs||
+|mount_nfs||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_nfs/ mount_nfs] utility calls the [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/2/nmount/ nmount(2)] system call to prepare and graft a remote NFS file system (rhost:path) on to the file system tree    at the point node.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_nullfs||
+|mount_nullfs||[https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_nullfs/ mount_nullfs]  mounts a loopback file system sub-tree; demonstrate the use of a null file system layer
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_udf||
+|mount_udf||The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_udf/ mount_udf] utility attaches the UDF file system residing on the device special to the global file system namespace at the location indicated by node.
 |-
-|/sbin/mount_unionfs||
+|mount_unionfs|| The [https://www.unix.com/man-page/freebsd/8/mount_unionfs/ mount_unionfs] utility attaches directory above uniondir in such a way that the contents of both directory trees remain visible.  By default, directory becomes the upper layer and uniondir becomes the lower layer.
 |-
-|/sbin/natd||
+|natd||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=natd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html natd] utility provides a Network Address Translation facility for use with [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=divert&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports divert(4)] sockets under FreeBSD.
 |-
-|/sbin/newfs||
+|newfs||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html newfs] utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
 |-
-|/sbin/newfs_msdos||
+|newfs_msdos||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs_msdos&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html newfs_msdos] utility creates a FAT12, FAT16, or	FAT32 file system on      device or file named special, using [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=disktab&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports disktab(5)] entry disktype to determine geometry, if required.
 |-
-|/sbin/nextboot||
+|nextboot||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nextboot&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html nextboot] utility allows specifying some combination of	an alternate  kernel, boot flags	and kernel environment for the next time the machine      is	booted.	 Once the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=loader&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports loader(8)] loads in the new kernel information, it is deleted so	in case	the new	kernel hangs the machine, once it is rebooted,  the machine will automatically revert to its previous configuration.
 |-
-|/sbin/nfsiod||
+|nfsiod||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nfsiod&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html nfsiod] utility	controls the maximum number of nfsiod kernel processes  which run on an NFS client	machine	to service asynchronous	I/O requests      to	its server.  Having nfsiod kernel processes improves performance but is	not required for correct operation.
 |-
-|/sbin/nologin||
+|nologin||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nologin&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html nologin] utility displays a message that an account is not available and exits non-zero.  It is	intended as a replacement shell	field for accounts that have been disabled.
 |-
-|/sbin/nos-tun||
+|nos-tun|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nos-tun&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html nos-tun] utility is used to establish an nos style tunnel, (also known      as	ka9q or	IP-IP tunnel) using a [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tun&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports tun(4)] kernel interface.
 |-
-|/sbin/nvmecontrol||
+|nvmecontrol||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=nvmecontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html NVM Express (NVMe)]	is a storage protocol standard,	for SSDs and other      high-speed	storage	devices	over PCI Express.
 |-
-|/sbin/openrc||
+|[[OpenRC|openrc]]||The [https://github.com/OpenRC/openrc OpenRC] is a dependency-based init system that works with the system-provided init program, normally /sbin/init. Currently, it does not have an init program of its own. A good documentation you will find on [https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/OpenRC gentoo]
 |-
-|/sbin/openrc-run||
+|openrc-run||[https://manpages.debian.org/testing/openrc/openrc-run.8.en.html openrc-run] is basically an interpreter for shell scripts which provides an easy interface to the often complex system commands and daemons. When a service runs a command it first loads its multiplexed configuration file, then its master configuration file, then /etc/rc.conf and finally the script itself. At this point openrc-run then runs the command given.
 |-
-|/sbin/pfctl||
+|pfctl||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pfctl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html pfctl] utility communicates with the packet filter device using	the ioctl interface described in [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pf&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports pf(4)].  It allows ruleset and	parameter configuration	and retrieval of status	information from the packet filter.
 |-
-|/sbin/pflogd||
+|pflogd||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pflogd&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html pflogd] is a background daemon which reads packets logged by [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pf&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports pf(4)] to a [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pflog&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports  pflog(4)] interface, normally pflog0, and writes the packets to a logfile     (normally /var/log/pflog) in tcpdump(1) binary format.  These logs	can be      reviewed later using the -r option	of [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tcpdump&sektion=1&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports tcpdump(1)], hopefully offline in      case there	are bugs in the	packet parsing code of [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tcpdump&sektion=1&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports tcpdump(1)].
 |-
-|/sbin/ping||
+|ping||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ping&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ping] utility uses the ICMP protocol's mandatory ECHO_REQUEST datagram  to	elicit an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a host or gateway.  ECHO_REQUEST      datagrams ("pings") have an IP and	ICMP header, followed by a "struct      timeval" and then an arbitrary number of "pad" bytes used to fill out the     packet.
 |-
-|/sbin/ping6||
+|ping6||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ping6&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html ping6] utility uses the	ICMPv6 protocol's mandatory ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST  datagram to elicit	an ICMP6_ECHO_REPLY from a host	or gateway.      ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST	datagrams (``pings'') have an IPv6 header, and ICMPv6
+header formatted as documented in RFC2463.
 |-
-|/sbin/poweroff||
+|poweroff||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=poweroff&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html shutdown] utility provides an automated	shutdown procedure for super     users to nicely notify users when the system is shutting down, saving     them from system administrators, hackers, and gurus, who would otherwise
+not bother	with such niceties.
 |-
-|/sbin/quotacheck||
+|quotacheck||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=quotacheck&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html quotacheck] utility examines each file system, builds a	table of cur     rent disk usage, and compares this	table against that recorded in the      disk quota	file for the file system.
 |-
-|/sbin/rc||
+|[[rc]]||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html rc]  is a	command	interpreter and	programming language similar to	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sh&sektion=1&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sh(1).]
+It is based on the AT&T Plan 9 shell of the same	name.  The  shell  offers  a	C-like	syntax (much more so than the C	shell),	and a powerful mechanism for manipulating variables.  It is reasonably small and  reasonably fast, especially	when compared to contemporary shells.  Its use is intended to be interactive, but the language lends  itself  well  to  scripts.
 |-
-|/sbin/rc-service||
+|[[rc-service]]||[https://github.com/OpenRC/openrc OpenRC  services].
 |-
-|/sbin/rc-update||
+|[[rc-update]]||update  [https://github.com/OpenRC/openrc OpenRC]
 |-
-|/sbin/rcorder||
+|rcorder|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rcorder&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html rcorder] utility is designed to	print out a dependency ordering	of a      set of interdependent files.  Typically it	is used	to find	an execution     sequence for a set	of shell scripts in which certain files	must be	executed before others.
 |-
-|/sbin/rdump||
+|rdump||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rdump&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html dump] utility examines files on	a file system and determines which      files need	to be backed up.  These	files are copied to the	given disk,     tape or other storage medium for safe keeping (see	the -f option below
+for doing remote backups).
 |-
-|/sbin/reboot||
+|reboot||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=halt&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html halt and reboot] utilities flush the file system cache to disk,	send      all running processes a SIGTERM (and subsequently a SIGKILL) and, respectively, halt or restart the system.  The action is	logged,	including entering a shutdown record into the user accounting database
 |-
-|/sbin/recoverdisk||
+|recoverdisk||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=recoverdisk&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html recoverdisk] utility reads data	from the source	file until all blocks     could be successfully read.  If destination was specified all data	is being written to that file.	It starts reading in multiples of the sector size.  Whenever a block fails, it is put to the end of the	working	queue   and will be read again, possibly with a smaller read size.
 |-
-|/sbin/resolvconf||
+|resolvconf||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolvconf&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html resolvconf] manages	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=resolv.conf&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports resolv.conf(5)] files from multiple sources, such as      DHCP and VPN clients.  Traditionally, the host runs just one client and     that updates /etc/resolv.conf.  More modern systems frequently have wired     and wireless interfaces and there is no guarantee both are	on the same     network.  With the	advent of VPN and other	types of networking daemons,     many things now contend for the contents of /etc/resolv.conf.
 |-
-|/sbin/restore||
+|restore||The restore utility performs the inverse function of [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dump&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports dump(8)].  A full      backup of a file system may be restored and subsequent incremental	backups layered on top	of it.	Single files and directory subtrees may	be re     stored from full or partial backups.  The restore utility works across a     network; to do this see the -f and	-P flags described below.  Other argu     ments to the command are file or directory	names specifying the files    that are to be restored.  Unless the -h flag is specified (see below),     the appearance of a directory name	refers to the files and	(recursively)     subdirectories of that directory.
 |-
-|/sbin/rmd160||
+|rmd160||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/route||
+|route||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=route&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html route] utility is used to manually manipulate the network routing tables.  It normally	is not needed, as a system routing table management     daemon, such as [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=routed&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports routed(8)],	should tend to this task.
 |-
-|/sbin/routed||
+|routed||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=routed&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports routed] utility	is a daemon invoked at boot time to manage the network      routing tables.  It uses Routing Information Protocol, RIPv1 (RFC 1058),     RIPv2 (RFC	1723), and Internet Router Discovery Protocol (RFC 1256) to     maintain the kernel routing table.	 The RIPv1 protocol is based on	the     reference 4.3BSD daemon.
 |-
-|/sbin/rrestore||
+|rrestore||The restore utility performs the inverse function of dump(8).  A full      backup of a file system may be restored and subsequent incremental	back     ups layered on top	of it.	Single files and directory subtrees may	be re     stored from full or partial backups.  The restore utility works across a     network; to do this see the -f and	-P flags described below.  Other argu     ments to the command are file or directory	names specifying the files     that are to be restored.  Unless the -h flag is specified (see below),     the appearance of a directory name	refers to the files and	(recursively)     subdirectories of that directory. restore may also be invoked as [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rrestore&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html rrestore].
 |-
-|/sbin/rtquery||
+|rtquery||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtquery&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html rtquery] utility is used to query a RIP	network	routing	daemon,	such      as	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=routed&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports routed(8)], for its routing table by sending a request or poll command.     The routing information in	any routing response packets returned is dis     played numerically	and symbolically.
 |-
-|/sbin/rtsol||
+|rtsol|| [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtsol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html rtsold] is the daemon program to send ICMPv6 Router	Solicitation messages      on	the specified interfaces.  If a	node (re)attaches to a link, rtsold     sends some	Router Solicitations on	the link destined to the link-local     scope all-routers multicast address to discover new routers and to	get     non link-local addresses.
 |-
-|/sbin/runscript||
+|runscript||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=runscript&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html runscript] is a simple script interpreter	that can be called from	within        the minicom communications program to automate tasks like logging in to       a Unix system or	your favorite BBS.
 |-
-|/sbin/savecore||
+|savecore||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=savecore&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html savecore] utility copies a core	dump into directory, or	the current      working directory if no directory argument	is given, and enters a reboot     message and information about the core dump into the system log.
 |-
-|/sbin/setkey||
+|setkey||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=setkey&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html setkey] utility	adds, updates, dumps, or flushes Security Association      Database (SAD) entries as well as Security	Policy Database	(SPD) entries     in	the kernel.
 |-
-|/sbin/sha1||
+|sha1||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/sha224||
+|sha224||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/sha256||
+|sha256||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/sha384||
+|sha384||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/sha512||
+|sha512||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/sha512t256||
+|sha512t256||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/shutdown||
+|shutdown|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=shutdown&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html shutdown] utility provides an automated	shutdown procedure for super     users to nicely notify users when the system is shutting down, saving     them from system administrators, hackers, and gurus, who would otherwise     not bother	with such niceties.
 |-
-|/sbin/skein256||
+|skein256||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/skein512||
+|skein512||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/skein1024||
+|skein1024||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=md5&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha512, sha512t256,	rmd160,   skein256, skein512 and skein1024] utilities take as input a message of arbitrary length and produce as output a "fingerprint" or "message digest" of	the input.  It is conjectured that it is computationally in     feasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to   produce any message having	a given	prespecified target message digest.
 |-
-|/sbin/spppcontrol||
+|spppcontrol||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sppp&sektion=4&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sppp(4)] driver	might require a	number of additional arguments or optional parameters besides the settings that can be	adjusted with
+[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ifconfig&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports  ifconfig(8)].  These are things like authentication	protocol parameters,      but also other tunable configuration variables.  The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=spppcontrol&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html spppcontrol] utility     can be used to display the	current	settings, or adjust these parameters     as	required.
 |-
-|/sbin/start-stop-daemon||
+|start-stop-daemon||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=start-stop-daemon&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html start-stop-daemon]  is  used  to control the creation and	termination of        system-level  processes.	  Using	  one	of   the   matching   options,       start-stop-daemon  can  be  configured  to find existing	instances of a       running process.
 |-
-|/sbin/supervise-daemon||
+|supervise-daemon||
 |-
-|/sbin/swapctl||
+|swapctl||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=swapctl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html  swapon, swapoff and swapctl] utilities are used	to control swap	devices in the system.  At boot time	all swap entries in /etc/fstab are     added automatically when the system goes multi-user.  Swap	devices	use a     fixed interleave; the maximum number of devices is	unlimited.  There is     no	priority mechanism.
 |-
-|/sbin/swapoff||
+|swapoff||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=swapctl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html  swapon, swapoff and swapctl] utilities are used	to control swap	devices in the system.  At boot time	all swap entries in /etc/fstab are     added automatically when the system goes multi-user.  Swap	devices	use a     fixed interleave; the maximum number of devices is	unlimited.  There is     no	priority mechanism.
 |-
-|/sbin/swapon||
+|swapon||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=swapctl&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html  swapon, swapoff and swapctl] utilities are used	to control swap	devices in the system.  At boot time	all swap entries in /etc/fstab are     added automatically when the system goes multi-user.  Swap	devices	use a     fixed interleave; the maximum number of devices is	unlimited.  There is     no	priority mechanism.
 |-
-|/sbin/sysctl||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sysctl] utility	retrieves kernel state and allows processes with appropriate privilege to set	kernel state.  The state to be retrieved or set is described using a "Management Information Base" ("MIB") style      name, described as	a dotted set of	components.
+|[[Sysctl|sysctl]]||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports sysctl] utility	retrieves kernel state and allows processes with appropriate privilege to set	kernel state.  The state to be retrieved or set is described using a "Management Information Base" ("MIB") style      name, described as	a dotted set of	components. '''Example:'''<code>sysctl kern.osreldate</code> gives you the last kernel modification and  the same result as <code>uname -U</code>. It is related to the FreeBSD release as a numerical output. See [https://www.leidinger.net/FreeBSD/dox/kern/html/d6/d10/kern__mib_8c_source.html kern.osreldate]
 |-
-|/sbin/tunefs||
+|tunefs||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tunefs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html tunefs] utility	is designed to change the dynamic parameters of	a UFS     file system which affect the layout policies.  The	tunefs utility cannot     be	run on an active file system.  To change an active file	system,	it must be downgraded	to read-only or	unmounted.
 |-
-|/sbin/umount||
+|umount||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=umount&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html umount]	utility	calls the [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=unmount&sektion=2&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports unmount(2)] system call to remove a file sys     tem from the file system tree.  The file system can be specified by its     special device or remote node (rhost:path), the path to the mount point     node or by	the file system	ID fsid	as reported by "mount -v" when run by     root.
 |-
-|/sbin/zfs||
+|zfs||The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zfs&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html zfs] command configures	ZFS datasets within a ZFS storage pool,	as de     scribed in	[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zpool&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports zpool(8)].  A dataset is	identified by a	unique path within the      ZFS namespace.
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-|/sbin/zfsbootcfg||
+|zfsbootcfg||[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zfsbootcfg&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html zfsbootcfg] is used	to set [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=boot.config&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports boot.config(5)]-style options to be used by [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zfsboot&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports  zfsboot(8)] or [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=gptzfsboot&sektion=8&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports gptzfsboot(8)] the next time the machine is booted.
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-|/sbin/zpool||
+|zpool|| The [https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=zpool&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=FreeBSD+12.1-RELEASE+and+Ports&arch=default&format=html zpool] command configures ZFS storage pools. A storage pool is a col     lection of	devices	that provides physical storage and data	replication     for ZFS datasets.
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 !colspan="2"|'''Back to ''' [[image:Icon Disti GhostBSD.png|50px|link=Directory Structure]]'''Directory Structure'''