常见问题

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本文檔意圖涵蓋有關 GhostBSD 系統的最常見問題。 儘管最初是為了減少帶寬，並避免重複問題，不過 FAQ 已被大家公認為價值頗高的信息。

我們會盡一切努力豐富本文檔。 若有任何改進建議，請隨時和我們聯繫。

介紹

何為 GhostBSD？

簡單來說，GhostBSD 是 類UNIX® 作業系統，運行在 英特爾® AMD64 平台上。GhostBSD 系統基於 FreeBSD，而 FreeBSD 基於伯克利大學（U.C. Berkeley）的「4.4BSD-Lite」 發行版，以及 「4.4BSD-Lite2」 加強部分。同時少部分基於伯克利大學的 William Jolitz 的i386平台的 「Net/2」 ，也就是 「386BSD」。GhostBSD 提供了 Mate 和 Xfce 兩個桌面環境版本 。

誰可使用 GhostBSD？

全球各地的公司、研究人員、計算機專業人員、學生和家庭用戶都可以免費使用 GhostBSD ，進行工作，教育以及娛樂。

GhostBSD 的目標是什麼？

GhostBSD 項目的目標是結合 GTK、 桌面環境的易用性，以及 FreeBSD的機制。 GhostBSD 是學習 FreeBSD 並開始在 BSD 世界裡暢遊的絕佳工具。 GhostBSD 可用於任何目的，無需附加約束。

GhostBSD 許可證是否有限制？

是的。不過這些限制不會約束你如何使用代碼，也不會約束你如何對待我們 GhostBSD 項目本身。 如果你對許可有興趣，請閱讀實際的許可證。做一個簡單的回覆，可以將許可證總結如下：

  • 不要聲稱為本篇文章原文作者。
  • 若是代碼有誤，請勿起訴我們。

GhostBSD 能替代我現有的系統嗎？

對大多數人來說，是可以的。

實際上，多數人並不是直接使用作業系統，而是系統上的應用程式。程序讓計算機變得豐富多彩。 GhostBSD 旨在提供一套 桌面環境，和功能齊全的應用程式。 GhostBSD 支持多種網絡瀏覽器、辦公套件、電子郵件、圖形程序、編程環境、網絡伺服器以及幾乎其它所有用戶所需。 可以使用FreeBSD Ports 集合來構建這些應用程式。

If you need to use an application that is only available on one operating system, you cannot easily replace that operating system (this situation is referred to as vendor lock-in). However chances are that there is a very similar application on GhostBSD, however. If you want a solid office or internet server, a reliable workstation, or just the ability to do your job without interruptions, GhostBSD will almost certainly do everything you need.

如果想從其它UNIX®-like環境遷移到 GhostBSD，估計你已經具備一定的計算機基礎，無需過多擔心。不過若是你以前習慣的是桌面化作業系統，如 Microsoft Windows®和舊版的MacOS®，則需投入更多時間來學習 UNIX的風格。

為什麼起名為 GhostBSD?

GhostBSD was developed as an operating system to hack on Gnome using BSD technology. After a while it became what was referred to as 「Gnome hosted by BSD」, which means that Gnome is hosted on the FreeBSD system. Now that we support multiple GTK desktops it is more accurate to call it "GTK hosted by BSD".

最新的 GhostBSD 版本是？

At this point in time, we are at version 10.3 codenamed Enoch.

一般幾個月後會更新版本。

Version 11.0 is next to come, following the release cycle of FreeBSD.

Many GhostBSD users stay up to date using other mechanisms available to FreeBSD users. You can read about them in the Chapter Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD in the FreeBSD Handbook.

When are GhostBSD releases made?

The developers team releases a new version more or less every 8 months. GhostBSD follows the release dates of FreeBSD. A testing period precedes each release in order to ensure that the addition of new features does not compromise the stability of the release.

如何參與貢獻?

There is a number of ways to contribute to the GhostBSD project:

  • If you possess abilities in programming and knowledge of the FreeBSD operating system, or you simply want to learn these things, you might want to consider joining the team by becoming an active developer. If you are feeling adventurous, you might want to try building GhostBSD, but you might as well join our development mailing list to get in touch with the team and see what work currently has to be done.
  • If you are interested in helping from the artistic perspective, you could contribute fan art, logos, wallpapers, or help design/maintain the website layout. In this case, the website mailing list is something to look on for additional information.
  • If you have decent writing skills and know English quite well, you might want to help by writing documents and producing website and wiki content. Get in touch with us on the website mailing list.
  • If none of the above apply to you, you might just want to use GhostBSD and tell us about bugs you've discovered and the ideas you have about how to improve the system You can report them via forums. You might also consider simply spreading the word about GhostBSD!

If you feel like you might be able to help us grow and improve GhostBSD in any of the above ways (or any other way you can come up with), please contact us using the forums, an IRC channel (#ghostbsd on irc.freenode.net) or any of the mailing lists above.

支持

最好的獲取幫助的方式是?

當前，聯繫 GhostBSD 用戶或開發人員的最佳方案是：

FAQ 和 用戶手冊正在撰寫，可訪問論壇或 IRC 獲取幫助，也可查找手冊。

有關在 GhostBSD 中完成工作的完整信息，在哪裡可以找到?

For the most part, things can be done on GhostBSD the same way they are done on FreeBSD. This is why we encourage our users to check out the great FreeBSD Handbook in case of any doubts or questions. If the handbook does not cover a specific area of your interest, or it seems GhostBSD differs from FreeBSD in some regard, the forums or IRC channel will probably hold the answers you seek.

安裝

從哪裡獲取 GhostBSD?

所有的 GhsotBSD 發行版鏡像文件都在 SourceForge:

如何創建 USB 啟動盤？

Up to version 4.0 separate USB images (with the .img extension) existed that were suitable for USB flash drives. Since version 10.1, GhostBSD releases so-called hybrid ISOs which can either be burned on a DVD or written on a flash drive. Select your preferred desktop and the right architecture and download the ISO. After downloading compare the checksum (optional) and write the content of the iso on a flash drive using one of the methods described below. Since the image itself can be slightly above 2 GB in size, we suggest you use at least a 4 GB pendrive.

Linux 系統下

終端命令（鏡像後綴為 iso，替換要刻錄的設備為 'sdX' ），需要root權限(以 root 用戶，或者使用 sudo)：

dd if=GhostBSD10.3-RELEASE-20160829-213046-mate-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=1M

BSD 系統下

終端命令（鏡像文件後綴為 iso，替換要刻錄的設備為 'daX' ），需要root權限(以 root 用戶，或者使用 sudo)：

dd if=GhostBSD10.3-RELEASE-20160829-213046-mate-amd64.iso of=/dev/daX bs=1m

Windows 系統下

可在Ubuntu 幫助站點獲取幫助，同時適用於 GhostBSD 。也可使用以下兩種工具在 Windows 上創建可啟動盤。

Windows 下圖形刻錄工具
  1. 下載 ISO 格式的鏡像文件
  2. 從 http://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/ 下載 Disk Imager
  3. 插入 U 盤（或其它類型啟動盤）
  4. 查看分配給您的快閃記憶體介質的驅動器號
  5. 開始 Disk Imager
  6. 選擇下載文件(iso 鏡像)和目標設備（如 U 盤），點擊"寫入(Write)"
  7. 安裝完成後，移除安裝盤。
Windows 上的命令提示工具
  1. 下載 ISO 文件
  2. 從 http://shounen.ru/soft/flashnul 下載 flashnul
  3. 插上 USB 設備
  4. 運行 flashnul -p
  5. 記下 USB 對應的設備號
  6. 運行 flashnul <number obtained in prior step> -L \path\to\downloaded.iso
  7. 如果目標設備正確，輸入 "yes" 確認
  8. 命令完成後，移除 USB 設備

結論

完成上述步驟後，啟動盤裡會裝有可啟動的 GhostBSD 系統。 只需重啟計算機，並確保從USB引導，就可進入 Live 系統。

哪兒有 GhostBSD 安裝指導？

可在 GhostBSD 手冊里找到 安裝 GhostBSD。

軟體安裝

如何安裝新軟體？

In GhostBSD software can be installed in three different ways:

  • OctoPkg is a GTK+ based tool to manage (search, install and uninstall) binary packages on BSD systems.
  • FreeBSD's package manager PKG can be used to manage packages using the command line. (In versions before 10.x, the old pkg_* tools were used which worked slightly differenty.)
  • FreeBSD Ports is one of the most useful and unique features of FreeBSD compared to most Linux distributions. If installed, it can be found under /usr/ports and contains the Makefiles (think "recipes" if you are new to this concept) used to automatically build (fetch source code, configure, compile, install) a vast amount of software. A menu-driven system allows you to tweak compile options which makes this an easy to use but extremely flexible method of installing software.

GhostBSD 系統下能使用 Linux 軟體麼？

大多數 Linux 軟體百分百都是「開源」軟體。這意味著，它們不僅限於 Linux，而是可免費運行在許多作業系統上。 因此，在Linux 上運行的大多數軟體，也可運行於 GhostBSD 。

和 FreeBSD 一樣，GhostBSD 使用了 Linux Binary Compatibility 。可以安裝許多原生 Linux 程序。 FreeBSD 手冊 [1]詳細說明了兼容情況，並描述了啥時候不起作用。

不過，GhostBSD 用戶不必設置 Linux Binary Compatibility，因為系統已經配置好了，且可以「正常工作」。

GhostBSD 是否支持 Flash 插件?

Yes, but a native Adobe® Flash® plugin is not available for GhostBSD. However, a software wrapper for running the Linux® version of the plugin is available. This wrapper also provides support for other browser plugins such as RealPlayer®.

查看 Installing Adobe Flash Plugin

系統和軟體升級

如何升級 GhostBSD 至最新版本？

可使用 freebsd-update 命令，來更新 FreeBSD 類型系統

（包括 FreeBSD、TrueOS 和 GhostBSD）。

freebsd-update fetch install

網絡

為什麼未識別 WiFi 設備？

查看 wlan0 配置文件。

cat /etc/rc.conf | grep wlan0

If you have an output similar to: 

wlans_run0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

Your WiFi is configured, but it might be down.

sudo ifconfig wlan0 up

Now it should work.

If you have no output, this mean the GhostBSD network configuration system have not detected your WiFi card. The next step for you will be to look if GhostBSD have your WiFi drivers install.

sudo ifconfig | grep -B 3 802.11

In this case run0 is the WiFi drivers. 

run0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 2290
       ether 00:1e:e5:e6:5d:1
       nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
       media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11a

If you have an output similar from the example above, you need to configure the file /etc/rc.conf.

sudo ee /etc/rc.conf

Add those line in the file /etc/rc.conf (Replace run0 by your drivers). 

wlans_run0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

Esc and save the file. Now you need to restart netif.

sudo /etc/rc.d/netif restart

Your wifi is now configured, you might have to turn wlan0 up.

sudo ifconfig wlan0 up

If you have no output with sudo ifconfig | grep -B 3 802.11, this can mean your WiFi kernel Module is not compile in GhostBSD or your WiFi card is not yet supported by FreeBSD. Please fill out a problem report form this will help us to make GhostBSD better.

為什麼無線網絡管理器不工作？

你可以查看 #Why my WiFi don't work? (from above). If you have your WiFi Configured and the WiFi Network Manager still not working.

sudo ifconfig wlan0 scan

You should have something similar to this: 

SSID/MESH ID    BSSID              CHAN RATE   S:N     INT CAPS
rogerwifi       bc:14:01:e6:33:48    1   54M -23:-42  100 EP   WPS HTCAP WPA RSN WME
-               bc:14:01:e6:33:49    1   54M -20:-38  100 EP   HTCAP RSN WME
WLAN_6EF1       00:13:f7:c4:6e:f3   11   54M -12:-21  200 ES  
BSDHacker       5c:d9:98:69:df:2e   11   54M -15:-27  100 EP   HTCAP WPA WME WPS

If not sudo ifconfig wlan0 up scan should do it. Now you can setup to your network. From above you have none encrypted and encrypted WiFi network.

對非加密的 WiFi 網絡，可在/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf文件中添加以下內容 

network={
        ssid="WLAN_6EF1"
        bssid=00:13:f7:c4:6e:f3
        key_mgmt=NONE
}

對於加密 WiFi 網絡，可在 /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf文件中添加以下內容 

network={
        ssid="BSDHacking"
        bssid=5c:d9:98:69:df:2e
        key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
        proto=WPA
        psk="yourpasword"
}

欲獲取更多信息，請查閱Wireless Networking.

如果代碼sudo ifconfig wlan0 up scan 無法掃描，請去問題頁面提交報告，幫助改善 GhostBSD。

硬體

GhostBSD 下，我的顯卡是否支持 3D 硬體加速 ?

取決於你的顯卡, 想獲取 GhostBSD 支持(不一定有).[1]

ATI/Radeon
除非 FreeBSD 完成TTM[2] [3]，否則ATI或Radeon顯卡無法執行 3D 加速。 你仍可以驅動顯卡，不過要選擇 2D 驅動程序。如果 2D無法啟動，則需使用 Vesa 驅動程序。
Intel
在 GhostBSD 系統下，大多數英特爾顯卡支持 3D 加速。Due to the current KMS support[2], you will not be able to switch between the graphical console and a virtual console (using Crtl+Alt+F#) when using the "sc" console driver.
Switching between graphics and text consoles will work when using the "vt" console driver, and GhostBSD right now default to "vt" console.
Nvidia Graphics
Yes! But nvidia-driver must be loaded.[3] The software can be installed easily, for example by using the (bxPKG/pkg) Package Manager or using ports as described on this page Nvidia driver installation.

參考

  1. ↑ FreeBSD Handbook: Xorg Configuration#Caveats
  2. ↑ FreeBSD Wiki: Graphics#Kernel drivers
  3. ↑ FreeBSD Wiki: Ports/X11/Roadmap
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