Difference between revisions of "FAQ/zh"

Revision as of 03:16, 29 September 2019

本文档意图涵盖有关 GhostBSD 系统的最常见问题。 尽管最初是为了减少带宽，并避免重复问题，不过 FAQ 已被大家公认为价值颇高的信息。

我们会尽一切努力丰富本文档。 若有任何改进建议，请随时和我们联系。

介绍

何为 GhostBSD？

简单来说，GhostBSD 是 类UNIX® 操作系统，运行在 英特尔® AMD64 平台上。GhostBSD 系统基于 FreeBSD，而 FreeBSD 基于伯克利大学（U.C. Berkeley）的“4.4BSD-Lite” 发行版，以及 “4.4BSD-Lite2” 加强部分。同时少部分基于伯克利大学的 William Jolitz 的i386平台的 “Net/2” ，也就是 “386BSD”。GhostBSD 提供了 Mate 和 Xfce 两个桌面环境版本 。

谁可使用 GhostBSD？

全球各地的公司、研究人员、计算机专业人员、学生和家庭用户都可以免费使用 GhostBSD ，进行工作，教育以及娱乐。

GhostBSD 的目标是什么？

GhostBSD 项目的目标是结合 GTK、 桌面环境的易用性，以及 FreeBSD的机制。 GhostBSD 是学习 FreeBSD 并开始在 BSD 世界里畅游的绝佳工具。 GhostBSD 可用于任何目的，无需附加约束。

GhostBSD 许可证是否有限制？

是的。不过这些限制不会约束你如何使用代码，也不会约束你如何对待我们 GhostBSD 项目本身。 如果你对许可有兴趣，请阅读实际的许可证。做一个简单的回复，可以将许可证总结如下：

• 不要声称为本篇文章原文作者。
• 若是代码有误，请勿起诉我们。

GhostBSD 能替代我现有的系统吗？

对大多数人来说，是可以的。

实际上，多数人并不是直接使用操作系统，而是系统上的应用程序。程序让计算机变得丰富多彩。 GhostBSD 旨在提供一套 桌面环境，和功能齐全的应用程序。 GhostBSD 支持多种网络浏览器、办公套件、电子邮件、图形程序、编程环境、网络服务器以及几乎其它所有用户所需。 可以使用FreeBSD Ports 集合来构建这些应用程序。

If you need to use an application that is only available on one operating system, you cannot easily replace that operating system (this situation is referred to as vendor lock-in). However chances are that there is a very similar application on GhostBSD, however. If you want a solid office or internet server, a reliable workstation, or just the ability to do your job without interruptions, GhostBSD will almost certainly do everything you need.

如果想从其它UNIX®-like环境迁移到 GhostBSD，估计你已经具备一定的计算机基础，无需过多担心。不过若是你以前习惯的是桌面化操作系统，如 Microsoft Windows®和旧版的MacOS®，则需投入更多时间来学习 UNIX的风格。

为什么起名为 GhostBSD?

GhostBSD was developed as an operating system to hack on Gnome using BSD technology. After a while it became what was referred to as “Gnome hosted by BSD”, which means that Gnome is hosted on the FreeBSD system. Now that we support multiple GTK desktops it is more accurate to call it "GTK hosted by BSD".

最新的 GhostBSD 版本是？

At this point in time, we are at version 10.3 codenamed Enoch.

一般几个月后会更新版本。

Version 11.0 is next to come, following the release cycle of FreeBSD.

Many GhostBSD users stay up to date using other mechanisms available to FreeBSD users. You can read about them in the Chapter Updating and Upgrading FreeBSD in the FreeBSD Handbook.

When are GhostBSD releases made?

The developers team releases a new version more or less every 8 months. GhostBSD follows the release dates of FreeBSD. A testing period precedes each release in order to ensure that the addition of new features does not compromise the stability of the release.

如何参与贡献?

There is a number of ways to contribute to the GhostBSD project:

• If you possess abilities in programming and knowledge of the FreeBSD operating system, or you simply want to learn these things, you might want to consider joining the team by becoming an active developer. If you are feeling adventurous, you might want to try building GhostBSD, but you might as well join our development mailing list to get in touch with the team and see what work currently has to be done.
• If you are interested in helping from the artistic perspective, you could contribute fan art, logos, wallpapers, or help design/maintain the website layout. In this case, the website mailing list is something to look on for additional information.
• If you have decent writing skills and know English quite well, you might want to help by writing documents and producing website and wiki content. Get in touch with us on the website mailing list.
• If none of the above apply to you, you might just want to use GhostBSD and tell us about bugs you've discovered and the ideas you have about how to improve the system You can report them via forums. You might also consider simply spreading the word about GhostBSD!

If you feel like you might be able to help us grow and improve GhostBSD in any of the above ways (or any other way you can come up with), please contact us using the forums, an IRC channel (#ghostbsd on irc.freenode.net) or any of the mailing lists above.

支持

最好的获取帮助的方式是?

At this point, the best ways to contact other GhostBSD users or developers are:

• The IRC channels are #ghostbsd and #ghostbsd-dev on irc://irc.freenode.net.

  You can access the IRC channel via our web user interface.

• The forums are available at http://forums.ghostbsd.org/.

FAQ and User Handbook are under development. Questions can be answered on the forums and IRC will find their way to this page or the handbook.

有关在 GhostBSD 中完成工作的完整信息，在哪里可以找到?

For the most part, things can be done on GhostBSD the same way they are done on FreeBSD. This is why we encourage our users to check out the great FreeBSD Handbook in case of any doubts or questions. If the handbook does not cover a specific area of your interest, or it seems GhostBSD differs from FreeBSD in some regard, the forums or IRC channel will probably hold the answers you seek.

安装

从哪里获取 GhostBSD?

所有的 GhsotBSD 发行版镜像文件都在 SourceForge:

• 最新发布的镜像文件在 下载页面。
• 种子文件位于GotBSD，或是project page。
• 也可从OSDisc.com下载 GhostBSD 的 DVD 或 USB 镜像文件。

如何创建 USB 启动盘？

Up to version 4.0 separate USB images (with the .img extension) existed that were suitable for USB flash drives. Since version 10.1, GhostBSD releases so-called hybrid ISOs which can either be burned on a DVD or written on a flash drive. Select your preferred desktop and the right architecture and download the ISO. After downloading compare the checksum (optional) and write the content of the iso on a flash drive using one of the methods described below. Since the image itself can be slightly above 2 GB in size, we suggest you use at least a 4 GB pendrive.

Linux 系统下

终端命令（镜像后缀为 iso，替换要刻录的设备为 'sdX' ），需要root权限(以 root 用户，或者使用 sudo)：

dd if=GhostBSD10.3-RELEASE-20160829-213046-mate-amd64.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=1M

BSD 系统下

终端命令（镜像文件后缀为 iso，替换要刻录的设备为 'daX' ），需要root权限(以 root 用户，或者使用 sudo)：

dd if=GhostBSD10.3-RELEASE-20160829-213046-mate-amd64.iso of=/dev/daX bs=1m

Windows 系统下

可在Ubuntu 帮助站点获取帮助，同时适用于 GhostBSD 。也可使用以下两种工具在 Windows 上创建可启动盘。

Windows 下图形刻录工具

1. 下载 ISO 格式的镜像文件
2. 从 http://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/ 下载 Disk Imager
3. 插入 U 盘（或其它类型启动盘）
4. 查看分配给您的闪存介质的驱动器号
5. 开始 Disk Imager
6. 选择下载文件(iso 镜像)和目标设备（如 U 盘），点击"写入(Write)"
7. 安装完成后，移除安装盘。

Windows 上的命令提示工具

1. Download the desired ISO file
2. Download flashnul from http://shounen.ru/soft/flashnul
3. Attach your USB drive
4. Run flashnul -p
5. Note the physical device number for the USB drive
6. Run flashnul <number obtained in prior step> -L \path\to\downloaded.iso
7. Answer "yes" if the selected destination device is correct
8. Remove your USB drive when the command finished

结论

完成上述步骤后，启动盘里会装有可启动的 GhostBSD 系统。 只需重启计算机，并确保从USB引导，就可进入 Live 系统。

哪儿有 GhostBSD 安装指导？

可在 GhostBSD 手册里找到 安装 GhostBSD。

软件安装

如何安装新软件？

In GhostBSD software can be installed in three different ways:

• OctoPkg is a GTK+ based tool to manage (search, install and uninstall) binary packages on BSD systems.
• FreeBSD's package manager PKG can be used to manage packages using the command line. (In versions before 10.x, the old pkg_* tools were used which worked slightly differenty.)
• FreeBSD Ports is one of the most useful and unique features of FreeBSD compared to most Linux distributions. If installed, it can be found under /usr/ports and contains the Makefiles (think "recipes" if you are new to this concept) used to automatically build (fetch source code, configure, compile, install) a vast amount of software. A menu-driven system allows you to tweak compile options which makes this an easy to use but extremely flexible method of installing software.

GhostBSD 系统下能使用 Linux 软件么？

大多数 Linux 软件百分百都是“开源”软件。这意味着，它们不仅限于 Linux，而是可免费运行在许多操作系统上。 因此，在Linux 上运行的大多数软件，也可运行于 GhostBSD 。

和 FreeBSD 一样，GhostBSD 使用了 Linux Binary Compatibility 。可以安装许多原生 Linux 程序。 FreeBSD 手册 [1]详细说明了兼容情况，并描述了啥时候不起作用。

不过，GhostBSD 用户不必设置 Linux Binary Compatibility，因为系统已经配置好了，且可以“正常工作”。

GhostBSD 是否支持 Flash 插件?

Yes, but a native Adobe® Flash® plugin is not available for GhostBSD. However, a software wrapper for running the Linux® version of the plugin is available. This wrapper also provides support for other browser plugins such as RealPlayer®.

查看 Installing Adobe Flash Plugin

系统和软件升级

如何升级 GhostBSD 至最新版本？

可使用 freebsd-update 命令，来更新 FreeBSD 类型系统

（包括 FreeBSD、TrueOS 和 GhostBSD）。

freebsd-update fetch install

网络

为什么未识别 WiFi 设备？

查看 wlan0 配置文件。

cat /etc/rc.conf | grep wlan0

If you have an output similar to:

wlans_run0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

Your WiFi is configured, but it might be down.

sudo ifconfig wlan0 up

Now it should work.

If you have no output, this mean the GhostBSD network configuration system have not detected your WiFi card. The next step for you will be to look if GhostBSD have your WiFi drivers install.

sudo ifconfig | grep -B 3 802.11

In this case run0 is the WiFi drivers.

run0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 2290
       ether 00:1e:e5:e6:5d:1
       nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
       media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11a

If you have an output similar from the example above, you need to configure the file /etc/rc.conf.

sudo ee /etc/rc.conf

Add those line in the file /etc/rc.conf (Replace run0 by your drivers).

wlans_run0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

Esc and save the file. Now you need to restart netif.

sudo /etc/rc.d/netif restart

Your wifi is now configured, you might have to turn wlan0 up.

sudo ifconfig wlan0 up

If you have no output with sudo ifconfig | grep -B 3 802.11, this can mean your WiFi kernel Module is not compile in GhostBSD or your WiFi card is not yet supported by FreeBSD. Please fill out a problem report form this will help us to make GhostBSD better.

为什么无线网络管理器不工作？

你可以查看 #Why my WiFi don't work? (from above). If you have your WiFi Configured and the WiFi Network Manager still not working.

sudo ifconfig wlan0 scan

You should have something similar to this:

SSID/MESH ID    BSSID              CHAN RATE   S:N     INT CAPS
rogerwifi       bc:14:01:e6:33:48    1   54M -23:-42  100 EP   WPS HTCAP WPA RSN WME
-               bc:14:01:e6:33:49    1   54M -20:-38  100 EP   HTCAP RSN WME
WLAN_6EF1       00:13:f7:c4:6e:f3   11   54M -12:-21  200 ES  
BSDHacker       5c:d9:98:69:df:2e   11   54M -15:-27  100 EP   HTCAP WPA WME WPS

If not sudo ifconfig wlan0 up scan should do it. Now you can setup to your network. From above you have none encrypted and encrypted WiFi network.

对非加密的 WiFi 网络，可在/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf文件中添加以下内容

network={
        ssid="WLAN_6EF1"
        bssid=00:13:f7:c4:6e:f3
        key_mgmt=NONE
}

对于加密 WiFi 网络，可在 /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf文件中添加以下内容

network={
        ssid="BSDHacking"
        bssid=5c:d9:98:69:df:2e
        key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
        proto=WPA
        psk="yourpasword"
}

欲获取更多信息，请查阅Wireless Networking.

如果代码sudo ifconfig wlan0 up scan 无法扫描，请去问题页面提交报告，帮助改善 GhostBSD。

硬件

GhostBSD 下，我的显卡是否支持 3D 硬件加速 ?

取决于你的显卡, 想获取 GhostBSD 支持(不一定有).^[1]

ATI/Radeon

除非 FreeBSD 完成TTM^{[2] [3]}，否则ATI或Radeon显卡无法执行 3D 加速。 你仍可以驱动显卡，不过要选择 2D 驱动程序。如果 2D无法启动，则需使用 Vesa 驱动程序。

Intel

在 GhostBSD 系统下，大多数英特尔显卡支持 3D 加速。Due to the current KMS support^[2], you will not be able to switch between the graphical console and a virtual console (using Crtl+Alt+F#) when using the "sc" console driver.

Switching between graphics and text consoles will work when using the "vt" console driver, and GhostBSD right now default to "vt" console.

Nvidia Graphics

Yes! But nvidia-driver must be loaded.^[3] The software can be installed easily, for example by using the (bxPKG/pkg) Package Manager or using ports as described on this page Nvidia driver installation.

参考

1. ↑ FreeBSD Handbook: Xorg Configuration#Caveats
2. ↑ FreeBSD Wiki: Graphics#Kernel drivers
3. ↑ FreeBSD Wiki: Ports/X11/Roadmap